Fig. 1

The between-group and within-group difference of BAI-C. BD1, the difference of BAI-C between music group and non-music group during pre-test, and compared by Mann-Whitney U test. BD2, the difference of BAI-C between music group and non-music group during post-test, and compared by Mann-Whitney U test (BD2-BD1), the pre-post difference of BAI-C between music group and non-music group, and estimated by generalized linear mixed model. WD, the difference of BAI-C in music group after withdraw the background music listening compared with pre-test, and estimated by Wilcoxon’s signed rank test