Feasibility study of automatic radiotherapy treatment planning for cervical cancer using a large language model

Radiation Oncology

Table 3 Dosimetric parameters of manual plans and plans by different LLMs in the test set (Gy)

Structure	Metrics	Manual plans	Qwen-2.5-Max		Llama-3.2		Gemini-1.5-Flash
Structure	Metrics	Mean ± std	Mean ± std	p-value	Mean ± std	p-value	Mean ± std	p-value
PTV	Dmax (Gy)	38.61 ± 0.30	38.33 ± 0.42	0.055	38.37 ± 0.28	0.041	39.08 ± 0.82	0.277
	D98 (Gy)	35.49 ± 0.07	35.51 ± 0.05	0.25	35.50 ± 0.05	0.45	35.24 ± 0.25	0.002
Bladder	D50 (Gy)	30.31 ± 3.36	30.87 ± 2.15	0.804	30.91 ± 2.47	0.804	29.07 ± 2.41	0.041
Small Intestine	D50 (Gy)	14.57 ± 3.30	14.25 ± 3.34	0.083	14.26 ± 3.55	0.095	14.78 ± 2.40	0.421
Rectum	D50 (Gy)	34.51 ± 2.65	34.12 ± 2.59	0.135	34.22 ± 2.45	0.135	33.47 ± 2.83	0.095
Bone marrow	D90 (Gy)	12.09 ± 1.72	12.03 ± 1.93	0.762	12.23 ± 1.71	0.489	12.02 ± 2.11	0.847
Spinal cord	D0.1 cc (Gy)	19.87 ± 3.21	20.38 ± 2.44	0.169	20.72 ± 1.73	0.095	20.16 ± 2.92	0.389
Femoral head left	D5 (Gy)	27.13 ± 2.43	27.20 ± 2.37	0.762	27.22 ± 2.03	1.000	27.89 ± 1.57	0.151
Femoral head right	D5 (Gy)	26.86 ± 2.24	26.66 ± 2.05	0.389	26.89 ± 2.13	0.720	27.34 ± 1.39	0.107
	CI	0.926 ± 0.007	0.929 ± 0.007	0.005	0.928 ± 0.007	0.035	0.915 ± 0.014	0.007
	HI	0.065 ± 0.006	0.058 ± 0.006	0.005	0.059 ± 0.005	0.015	0.077 ± 0.021	0.107
	MU	852.78 ± 76.92	812.65 ± 66.27	0.064	803.95 ± 63.21	0.004	815.46 ± 88.18	0.121

ISSN: 1748-717X